4. The threshold for latex coagulation caused by potassium chloride is 24 mmol/l, and by barium chloride 0.8 mmol/l. Using the Schulze-Hardy rule and the series following from the DLVO theory, determine the sign of the surface charge of latex particles and calculate the coagulation thresholds for electrolytes: calcium chloride, magnesium sulfate, aluminum sulfate, aluminum chloride, thorium (IV) nitrate.

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