From a commentary on the Civil Code of the Russian Federation: “Compensation for losses is a universal measure of civil liability. This sanction can be applied in all cases of violation of civil law obligations when, as a result of such violation, the victim suffers losses. This measure is applied regardless of whether it is provided for by specific legislation governing this obligation or by contract, since damages are a general rule for all obligations. ”
D.V. Dozhdev: "In Roman law, a private offense is the source of a claim protected by a fine (actio poenalis), and non-enforcement also gives rise to contractual liability."
Compare these two excerpts and formulate a conclusion about the difference in understanding of responsibility for default in Roman law and modern civil law.

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